Explain the legal powers and duties of local authorities in relation Essay

Explain the legal powers and duties of local authorities in relation to the protection of children. Consider whether any changes - Essay Example Researcher will likewise consider if there are still necessary legal amendments that should be undertaken to ensure that there is adequate protection given to children. The British government has accorded local government such powers and functions that encompassed direct, representative and consultative functions. In Northern Ireland, the councils work on policy legislation which bestowed power for local authorities and added ceremonial function that enable councils to provide a wide range of public services in areas which covered recreation, environmental health, ecological protection, tourism, economic development, and social services. Local authorities are also exercising representative functions that allowed the council to nominate representatives as members of various statutory bodies to establish and administer regional services that cover matters on education, health and social services, drainage and fire protection.1 Their consultative functions, which mandate council to repr esent the views of their population, on regional services operated within the district. Such power includes the power to be involved in developmental planning and for conservation.2 Their authorities are defined by statutes and agreements made in the interest of their district’s constituents.3 As leaders, performing elective or appointive functions, they lead the members of the community in safeguarding and promoting the welfare and protection of children. As such, they lead and work with statutory organisations performing functions on child rights and protection through laws, such as the duties enshrined under Section 11 of the Children Act 2004, an act that provide the establishment of a commission that mandates local authorities to provide services, legal supports, and enforce all statutes for children protection and care4. The policy described such functions, to wit: An Act to make provision for the establishment of a Children’s Commissioner; to make provision abou t services provided to and for children and young people by local authorities and other persons; to make provision in relation to Wales about advisory and support services relating to family proceedings; to make provision about private fostering, child minding and day care, adoption review panels, the defence of reasonable punishment, the making of grants as respects children and families, child safety orders, the Children’s Commissioner for Wales, the publication of material relating to children involved in certain legal proceedings and the disclosure by the Inland Revenue of information relating to children5 (Chapter 31, Children Act 2004; Legislation.gov.uk, 2013). Under this policy, the general function of the Children’s Commissioner involved (a) promotion of awareness on children’s views and interests in England; (b) encourage local authorities to conduct activities that uphold children’s right to express their views and their interests; (c) conduct research and publicize the operation of complaints

Apartheid in South Africa Essay Example for Free

Apartheid in South Africa Essay The Apartheid legislation was a system of governance that made a huge impact in South Africa in the 20th century. It was introduced by the national party after they were elected in the 1948 election. It was a form of segregation that discriminated against the races in South Africa. It was the law in South Africa for 46 years. The Apartheid sparked lots of internal resistance with violent riots and protests taking place by groups of people. Nelson Mandela was a leading force in the opposition on Apartheid and did everything in his powers to destroy it. His voice was heard all over the country when he was the leader of Anti Apartheid movements and when he was in jail. Apartheid Legislation had a detrimental impact on society in South Africa. It was pioneered in 1948 by the newly appointed national party of South Africa when they came to power. The struggle for the end of Apartheid was long lived as it lasted until 1994 when the National party lost the election. Apartheid was the segregation of the South African people into different race groups such coloured, white, Asian and Indian. Residential areas were segregated as well as Education, medi-care, beaches, and other public areas. Although the residential areas and other public facilities were separated, the quality of living for the blacks was substantially less than that of which the whites enjoyed. Sports in South Africa were also majorly affected as South Africa was banned from some international sports such as cricket. Women weren’t left out of the equation as they struggled to gain proper rights and freedoms as most of the men experienced. Black people or natives, over time, were deprived of their citizenships and forced to live in tribes with their own people away from the city. Numerous laws were made that affected the black people immensely and stripped them of their rights and freedoms. Apartheid struck society hugely at the time of its induction and changed the way life was lived. Many factors contributed to the severity of Apartheid, no more so than the new laws that were created shortly after its introduction. These laws were made to discriminate directly against the blacks of South Africa and create white supremacy. As a result of these laws many black people in the community struggled for basic rights and freedoms. The first powerful law to be created was the  Preservation of Separate Amenities Act 1953. This law separated all parts of society from blacks and whites. The separation wasn’t equal and as a result of this the black people got the inferior side of every facility. This was the separation of every aspect of society from beaches and parks to toilets and shops. The main aim was to exclude citizens from Premises, vehicles or services based on their race. The best facilities were reserved for the white people. Education was not spared as another law was made (Bantu Education Act 1951) that restricted black children from receiving the same education as the white children. The government at the time thought that the career opportunities for black kids were limited and they were best to learn skills that would help their families in their tribes. As of that day, the black children received a substantially lower level of education than the white children of South Africa. The government spent six times as much money on white education which only made up about 20% of the country at that time. Nelson Mandela valued Education so highly in his views and once said that â€Å"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. [1] Both of these laws helped to create a large gap in society between the black and white people, one being very much better off than the other. Apartheid in South Africa aimed to strip the black people of all their rights and freedoms. This was achieved by two controversial laws. The Abolition of passes act 1953 and the Bantu Homeland act 1952. The abolition of passes act forced black people to carry identifica tion with them at all times. A pass included a photograph, details of place of origin, employment record, tax payments, and encounters with the police. It was a criminal offence to not be carrying a pass when encountered by a police officer. Africans were frequently harassed for their passes and countless numbers were arrested for it. Local citizens burned them or didn’t carry them as a sign of protest. Mass protests by blacks by not carrying their passes lead to the murder of 69 in the ‘Sharpeville Massacre’. The Bantu Homeland act was the second law that took everything away from the blacks. Through this law, the white government declares that the lands reserved for black Africans are independent nations therefore, not being a part of South Africa. In this way, the government was able to strip millions of blacks of their South African citizenship and force them to become residents of their new homelands. Blacks were then considered foreigners in white-controlled South Africa, and needed passports to enter. Blacks only entered to perform jobs that assisted whites. The law was made to ensure that the White people of South Africa would inhabit most of the main areas of the country leaving the Blacks to live on the outskirts in shocking conditions. A quote by an influential student leader Steve Bantu Biko The blacks are tired of standing at the touchlines to witness a game that they should be playing. They want to do things for themselves and all by themselves. [2] suggests that the blacks were sick of having no place in society and want their own rights and freedoms which was the obvious feeling at the time. This law is a huge violation of human rights and really emphasised the affects of the new government regime at the time. The Anti Apartheid movements were influential movements that fought for the destruction of Apartheid legislation in South Africa. They were a worldwide movement that aimed to abolish South Africa’s government system of Racial Apartheid. The anti Apartheid movement came into action both within and outside South Africa. The ANC was the first movement to be created. A second organization Split from the ANC and called themselves the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). They used civil disobedience, strikes and protest marches to oppose the apartheid legislation. After the ‘Sharpeville Massacre’, when police opened fire and killed 69 protestors, the direction of the movement changed. The ANC decided to adopt armed resistance against the state. This sparked many protestors to speak out. Both Organisations were banned after this Massacre and it forced them to move into hiding and continue their operations in private. They created an armed military wing ‘Umkhonto we Sizwe’ lead by Nelson Mandela and planned attacks on the state. After their first attack, their leader Mandela was sent to jail for life along with a few other leaders. At the trail to his sentence Mandela he said We are not anti-white, we are against white supremacy †¦ we have condemned racialism no matter by whom it is professed. [3]This quote shows that Mandela wasn’t racist and just wanted quality and proper human rights. Many bouts of protest broke out in South Africa after the massacre and trial, mostly by school students, and groups were made to speak out against the Apartheid legislation. The movement were starting to gain momentum and there voices were being heard further around the world. The Anti Apartheid movements were the cor nerstone to the destruction of Apartheid legislation. The movements are the reason for the popularity loss of Apartheid and the rise of Nelson Mandela as a civil rights activist. The Arrests and killing of influential members of the movement only sparked up a bigger, more aggressive reaction and more people wanted to get involved in the cause. The black conscientious movement was made by black tertiary students in 1971 and represented black pride. This idea of black pride empowered many South Africans to believe that they are a strong people and can fight for their rights. Students in Soweto in 1979 rose up against Apartheid inspired by many around them. While in protest 29 were killed and many injured by police opening fire. This sparked more and more people to rise up against the state. Labour unions played a massive role in the struggle against apartheid. In 1979 as a result of the protesting, black trade unions were legalized which was a massive win. At the same time church groups also spoke out against the evils of Apartheid. All of these people were inspired by the actions of the Anti Apartheid movements that went before them. Thabo Mbeki a South African Politian summed up the views of many South Africans at the time by saying â€Å"South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black or white. [4] This view was felt across the country by the struggling black people. The ANC and PAC affected most of the population of South Africa in some way and help get rid of the Apartheid legislation. They were the cause for the changes that took place in society over the years. Nelson Mandela played arguably the biggest role in the destruction of the Apartheid legislation in South Africa. Working with the ANC he S poke out against Apartheid and the injustice to his people. Mandela worked hard as the leader of the ANC and planned many protests on the state to help push for the abolishment of Apartheid. He was one of the most influential speakers of his time and many oppressed people heard his voice loud and clear. Under apartheid Mandela served nearly 27 years in prison but he never gave up the fight. When Mandela was imprisoned at Robben Island he continued his work and teachings. In South Africa and around the world, Nelson Mandelas anti-apartheid messages gained in popularity. This meant that his voice was heard by more and more people. Many tried to free him when he was in jail. Support for Mandela was so immense that he was able to be equitted of his charges and released in 1990. Before he was released the PM of South Africa at the time said As soon as he renounces violence and undertakes not to start violence in South Africa, government will release him. [5]The quotes suggest that the government did not want any further violence from his demonstrations in the near future otherwise he would be kept in jail and if he showed no signs of violence he would be let out. This shows trust between the two. He was able to become the leader of the ANC once again and was a leading force in South Africa. He was able to negotiate a multi-racial election in 1994 where his party won. He became prime minister and with this he abolished Apartheid legislation. In his Inaugural speech as prime minister he says â€Å"Today we are entering a new era for our country and our people. Today we celebrate not the victory of a party, but a victory for all the people of South Africa†[6]. This optimism really highlighted his attitude towards life and freedom and is why he was such a loved and influential leader. Without his voice throughout the country and the world, South Africa would have struggled to get out the Government legislation that was Apartheid Apartheid legislation in South Africa was immensely influential on society. It was one of the worst legislations to ever be put down by a government. The black community of South Africa was severely affected by this legislation with most of their rights and freedoms stripped off them. As a result of the laws and other factors, the majority of the native South Africans lived a lift without the freedom and rights that most enjoy today. Nelson Mandela with the help of the Anti Apartheid organisations pushed to stop the legislation in its tracks. He was eventually successful with his peruse of freedom and because of this he is one of the most influential men to have ever lived.

Native American Rights, Federal Government Plenary Power and Land Takin

Native American Rights, Federal Government Plenary Power and Land Takings Abstract Native Americans are entitled to the same Constitutional protections that guard other citizens from federal government infringement. Plenary power and the accompanying seizure and use of indigenous land bases have violated the rights of Native Americans and demonstrated the inability of the federal government to manage Indian affairs. The United States should give ownership and control of original, non-privately owned land bases back to tribes. This course of action would end treaty violation, compensate tribes for land takings, prevent bureaucrats from implementing policies that obstruct the ability of Native Americans to participate in their religion, and prevent the serious cultural loss that may occur if the government continues to use Native American land for self-interested purposes. Although the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 formally made Native Americans United States citizens, Native Americans currently lack the legal protection that guards other citizens from federal domination (Custo and Henry X). The core democratic concepts of "fairness, justice, and consent of the governed" have not yet been fully realized for tribal people, despite their citizenship (Wilkins 20). As stated by Helen Hunt Jackson, a noted author and social reformer, treatment of Native Americans has "outraged principles of justice" (Custo and Henry 40). Native Americans, "wards" of the federal government, are locked "in a grossly inequitable, politically dependent relationship," in which governmental infringement and injustice are the norm. (Williams 27). The current policy of federal plenary power over Indian tribes and the confiscation and desecration of I... ...iverse. (21 Jan. 2001). Martin v. Waddell. 41 U.S. 367. U.S. Supreme Court. 1842. LEXIS-NEXIS Academic Universe. (21 Jan 2001). Northrup, Jim. Rez Road Follies. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. Three Affiliated Tribes of Fort Berthold Reservation v. United States. 419 U.S. 901. No. 73-2062. U.S. Supreme Court. 1974. LEXIS-NEXIS Academic Universe. (20 Jan. 2001). Wilkins, David. American Indian Sovereignty and the U.S. Supreme Court: The Masking of Justice. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997. Wood, Mary. "Protecting the Attributes of Native Sovereignty: A New Trust Paradigm for Federal Actions Affecting Tribal Land and Resources." Utah Law Review (1995). LEXIS NEXIS Academic Universe. 8 Jan. 2001. Wunder, John. Retained by the People: A History of American Indians and the Bill of Rights. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

Truman Capotes Excessive Lying :: Truman Capote Pathological Liar Essays Papers

Truman Capote's Excessive Lying Truman Capote once said, "I don't care what anybody says about me, as long as it isn't true" (Creative). Surely enough, Capote himself kept true to this statement throughout his life. According to Johnny Carson's ex-wife, Joanne Carson, whom Capote lived with near the end of his life, Capote would take her on imaginary trips to Paris, China, or Spain while in her front yard (Plimpton 422). But on a more serious note, Carson claims that Capote would lie about the simple facts about a party or an outing they had gone on (Plimpton 304). When confronted by Carson, Capote replied, "If that's not the way it happened, it's the way it should have happened" (qtd. in Plimpton 304). Eventually, Capote's lies caused his own friends to become his enemies when he published his book Answered Prayers that openly criticized them (Plimpton 338). But why did Capote lie so often? Was lying a disease or did he lie merely for entertainment purposes? Because of his lying patterns, one may easily infer that Capote was a pathological liar. But was he really? To begin, the definition of pathological actually means abnormal or grossly atypical. Therefore, a pathological liar prevaricates more frequently than the average person or tells more abnormal lies. In most cases, pathological liars tell lies that are "unplanned and impulsive" (Hausman). These lies are usually very emotional stories that tend to serve no purpose except to impress people (Ford 133). As of now, psychiatrists are unsure whether or not pathological liars are fully capable of realizing if and when they are lying, so detecting whether or not a person is a pathological liar is a very difficult task (Hausman). Since psychiatrists are not yet able to determine if pathological liars know when they are lying, Capote may or may not fit the description of a pathological liar. According to Capote's aunt Marie Rudisill, Capote was extremely aware of his dishonesty (Park). For example, Random House Publishers repeatedly called Capote about the Answered Prayers manuscript (Park). Every time, Capote would tell Random House that the manuscript was on his desk and he would bring it to them during the week (Park). But Rudisill claims that as soon as Capote talked to Random house, "[H]e'd call me on the phone and laugh like hell. He'd say: 'I haven't written a word of that thing, and I don't intend to write it'" (qtd.

Process and Content Theories of Motivation Essay

There are several process theories of motivation: The Vroom Expectancy Theory, the Adams’ Equity Theory, the Needs-Goal-Setting Theory, and the Reinforcement Theory of Motivation. Here our centre of attention is on helping you make a clear-cut distinction between process and content. Basically, process theories of motivation focus on how workers needs influence their own behaviour. Here our attention goes beyond motivation, our focal point is on giving you a key conceptual tool to help you manage both the performance of your direct reports (management) and the performance of your entire organization (leadership). â€Å"Process† is how employees work together, as opposed to the what – the â€Å"content,† the task, the issue – they are working on. An example of â€Å"process† is the way in which people interact with each other during a meeting; on the contrary, an example of â€Å"content† is the decision they make in that meeting. Process is hiring (the hiring processes that a company practices); content is the selected candidate that becomes the new employee. Process is the nature in which day-to-day performance conversations take place between the manager and her direct reports; content is what gets talked about, agreed upon, and actually understood. Process is the way in which people interact with each other in order to solve a problem; content is the actual solution to the problem. Most executives have the unconscious tendency to focus on content – which is great, that’s what they get paid for – but unfortunately most executives also have the unconscious tendency to forget about the process they are using. However, the quality of the â€Å"process† that is used (the type of meeting that is used to make a decision for example), has an impact on the quality of the resulting â€Å"content† (if the meeting is poorly designed, the quality of the resulting decision is likely to be poorer, but if the meeting is well designed, the quality of the resulting decision is likely to be better). Again, the better the process used, the better the resulting content, and vice versa: The poorer the process used, the poorer the resulting content. Do the people in your company hate meetings because they spend too much time in them? The problem is not in the meetings themselves, but in the way your company runs those meetings. Does your company have several low performers? The problem is not in those poor people who perform below standards, but in your company’s management practices. Is your company lagging behind its competition? The problem is not in those high performing organizations, but in the leadership skills of your company’s leaders. The process by which a company is led and managed determines its long-term success.heori of Motivation A great company is successful in the long run not because of its great products or services, but because of the nature of its leadership and management processes. You can have the greatest product or service, but if you don’t have the appropriate management and leadership processes, your company won’t get too far. It’s that simple. The next time something doesn’t go as you wanted it to go, stop for a second, step back, get your focus off the content, and take a closer look at the process you are using. How can you improve the process that you are using?

Best Topics for Health Essays. Current Researches, Examples

Best Topics for Health Essays. Current Researches, Examples Best Ideas For Essay About Health Nowadays medicine is developing at high speeds, offering solutions and innovations in multiple fields. However, there are many situations, when the topic is too complicated: disability, euthanasia, cancer, mental diseases and much more. This is our reality, and we need to cope with ourselves. That is why medical students and students, who study health issues, often have a task to write about health. In this article, we’ll assist you in finding catchy issues, which will help to make your health essay impressive and strong. How to Choose a Good Topic Sometimes tutors give a certain topic to write about, so you don’t need to feel stressed about looking something crucial to discuss. You don’t need to make a decision which phenomenon or disease is urgent and what should be covered as soon as possible. In such a situation you can breathe out, relax and simply look for information online or in libraries. However, if you need to choose the topic on your own, you will have to collect all the ideas or get familiar with essay examples online. It may seem like a simpler path at first, but you need to be extra careful. Make sure you gather all of your strength and devote a few hours or even days to choosing a powerful essay topic. It doesn’t matter whether you already have some ideas about choosing a topic or are only getting started:   below we have collected ideas on the most popular and catchy topics, which can boost your creativity! Vegetarianism Nowadays more and more people decide not to eat meat or animal origin products. This leads to an increasing amount of vegetarian cafes and vegan restaurants. Some people feel sorry for animals. Others have problems with digestion. There are those, who take meat consumption for granted and those, who are quite definite. That is why the question of whether to eat meat or not is very debatable. Here are the topics, which you can use: Flaws of being a vegetarian; How vegans and vegetarians differ? What is the potential influence on health? Drawbacks of nutrition without meat; Can being a vegan heal our body and soul? Compare changes, which happened to your health, when you stopped eating meat. Extra Weight and Anorexia The modern world is full of limits, so women of all ages feel stressed about not looking like top models, who fill in pages of newspapers and websites. This leads to a rising amount of anorexia or extra weight cases. These two conditions are very dangerous because they can not only be harmful to health but also lead to death. Apart from covering nutrition issues, this subtopic includes emotional and psychological subjects. This makes such a topic worth a discussion. Here are some of the issues you can use: What causes obesity and other eating disorders? How to cope with bulimia and anorexia? Influence of feminism on the popularity of anorexia; Impact of weight disorders on behavior; How to cure bulimia? Cult of low weight in modern culture. Insomnia Our world is spinning so fast that we can’t cope with all the daily tasks.   Such an attitude causes lots of health issues, including insomnia. Majority of people simply can’t sleep and instead watch movies or surf their browsers just to kill time. Most of the people don’t even treat insomnia as an illness and can’t understand that it leads to serious consequences. The topics below will help you to write an essay on insomnia:   Ã‚  Ã‚   Insomnia: causes and effects;   Ã‚  Ã‚   How to put an end to insomnia?   Ã‚  Ã‚   Influence of test preparations on a quality sleep;   Ã‚  Ã‚   Sleeping pills: do they cure or harm your health?   Ã‚  Ã‚   Traditional medicine in treating insomnia;   Ã‚  Ã‚   What can cause long-lasting insomnia? Mental Diseases Mental diseases are quite controversial subjects, so you need to be careful when deciding to choose one of them. In such an essay you can discuss obsessions, phobias, addictions and much more. Just find anything you consider interesting and start researching the issue. Let us have a look at such topics: The essence of bipolar disorder; How to treat bipolar disorder psychologically; A positive influence of cognitive therapy on mental disorders; How mental disorders of childhood and adolescence differ? Impact of antidepressants on managing depression; How childhood abuse influences the development of various disorders? Health Care Services The cost of health services remains one of the most critical issues. However, there are still free services in some of the hospitals. Unfortunately, both of the options have their minuses, so every person needs to decide whether to spend huge amounts of money, to feel more secure or to choose free services and have doubts on the quality of services. These options greatly vary, so discussing this topic can be a big plus: Pros and cons of free and paid treatment; Should health care be free or must we pay for it? Benefits of health insurance; Self-treatment: how it affects our health? Comparison of private and public hospitals; The real cost of free treatment. Euthanasia Euthanasia is a very contradictory issue, and every country decides whether to legalize it or not. Some are strongly against it, while others don’t mind helping those, who are in constant pain. However, there are no people, who have a clear opinion on the topic. It is quite similar to the issues of a death penalty, but the difference is in the subject’s roles: the criminal and a terminally ill person. Who has a right to get relief? If you have ideas on this topic, you are always welcome to share them. Can death be a solution for a patient? An attitude of Americans to euthanasia; Do patients have a right to die? Moral aspects of euthanasia; Benefits and drawbacks of euthanasia; Compare the attitude of different countries to euthanasia. Steps of Your Essay When you have chosen the topic, it is the right time to write an outline and decide what type of an essay and style you will choose. There is a huge variety of writing styles and essay types, so it is important to choose the one, which will reflect your topic in the best way. We recommend you to stick to a cause and effect essay if else is not indicated. Below are a few tips, which will help you along the way: Edit your essay. It is an important part of writing an essay, so be very careful and attentive, when checking your work. If something seems out of place, you should find a way to improve it. Even if it is your first essay, you should definitely pay attention to editing and proofreading; Look for essay examples online. They can greatly simplify your life, boost creativity and help to explore the options you have. Surf through several examples, and you will get an overall idea of what to write about. Analyze examples, and you will avoid many common mistakes; Pay attention to the conclusion. It is a very important part of your work because here you must summarize everything you have stated in your work in a shorter manner. This section aims to motivate the reader and leave a positive aftertaste; Make short breaks, when writing your essay. Don’t forget to give yourself some rest and enough time to think about all the ideas you have. There is no need to waste all of your energy at once – proper rest will help you to stay focused and concentrated; Never force yourself to write about an issue if you lack necessary thoughts and words. You should be genuinely interested in the subject. Only in such way you will succeed! Final Thoughts This article aimed to show you what a health essay is about, how to choose an appropriate topic and how to write the paper in the best way.   It doesn’t matter whether you have already been assigned with a topic or you have just chosen one: always follow your heart and remain interested in the subject. If you are passionate about the topic, you will be able to find necessary information, remain focused and deliver an outstanding assignment. Good luck!

Re-Sitting an Exam Can Be Easier with Our Tips

Re-Sitting an Exam Can Be Easier with Our Tips 7 Essential Guidelines For Repeating Your Exams Inimitable difficulties can arise as a result of having to repeat an examination, although, with thorough preparation, the experience can be less traumatic. Tactful approach as in any other field of academic excellence is of the essence. The ability to comprehend the exam setting process is useful. Deliberately or not, examiners tend to level up answers to the questions asked to ensure that the performance curve is proportional. Theoretically, a test should be adequately standard such that not everyone performs extremely poorly or with flying colors. Similarly, essay questions follow the same regulation to warrant a general performance from by sitting for the examination. Repeating an examination can be instigated by many factors, for instance, private reasons (bad situation at home leading to stress, financial constraints and more) or performing poorly at the first attempt. Of importance, however, is determining the exact time that has elapsed since you first sat for the exam and time scheduled for the repeat. Below are 7 essential guidelines that will assist you as you plan for the re-sit. 1. Never presuppose the same questions will be repeated In many instances, examiners know better than to repeat the same questions they had set in the first exam, and as such, you should never presume that the same questions will be tested to avoid failing. Not having sat for the exam is not a good enough reason to suppose the examiner will test you on the same areas. Like you, the examiner will presume that you know someone who sat for the exam and will let you in on the questions this will be cheating. The examiner is to be expected to set different quizzes although testing the same concept from the same material. 2. Never presuppose the questions wont be repeated It is wise to keep in mind that despite the possibility of the questions not being the same, reviewing past papers and taking notes from a friend who did the previous exam is just as important. The information you can get can boost your performance substantially as it will point out the areas most likely to be tested by the examiner. At no point, however, should you naively rely on your friends recollection of the questions and possible answers because it is possible their reminiscence is not 100% accurate, you should follow up the information with revision and research. 3. Understand the layout Tests come in different formats; multiple choice, essay, short answers or fill in the black and it is imperative that you clearly understand the layout of the exam you are repeating. In the occasion you need clarification, do not hesitate to ask the examiner as they will shed some light on your query. Further questions might raise an eyebrow, and it is up to you to figure it out. 4. Develop a mock exam for yourself This technique has been tested and proven to be effective not just for repeating an examination, but when preparing for any other test. The best way to go about this would be, assume you are the harshest teacher around and with this mentality, set the hardest and grueling questions and later attempt answering them. The mock test will be a perfect opportunity for you to identify the areas you lack adequate understanding and where you do hence, taking the necessary corrective steps. 5. Review past papers Many institutions usually provide students with various past papers from previous classes through the library, lecturers and so forth. In the case where there are no past papers, do not shy away from requesting some from your course professor or lecturer. Take advantage of these papers being as they have two main benefits; revising them will give you a vivid overview of the areas most examiners like to test and secondly, instructors use past papers to get inspirations on what to assess. Does it get better than this? 6. Outsource past papers It is wise to go through as many past papers as you possibly can only challenge being, the school might not have enough papers. The internet is an excellent place where you can outsource past papers on any topic or subject. Also, you can get sample papers, essays or short answers from other students in different institutions from across the world. Comparing and contrasting the views of other students to yours will help you make an informed decision especially for argumentative papers. For instance, you have a debate in your English class on the American civil war, reading about the war and the arguments of other students will assist you to take a stand. There are online writing service companies with proficient writers who you can consult and have them write you close to perfect answers upon providing them with specific instructions. 7. Make early preparations In most cases, the lecturer will inform you if you have a failed exam that you need to re-sit, fully prepped when it will be and given ample time to revise. Regardless of the strategy, you decide to use, make it a necessity to prepare in advance. The process of preparation is not a walk in the park as a lot of work and effort goes into it, and as such, our advice is to start planning immediately.