Finance and Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Finance and Accounting - Essay Example The companies’ compliance with IFRS standards can effectively help predict the future financial outcomes and reduce irresponsible cosmetic accounting practices. The company’s compliance with all International Financial Reporting Standards will translate to better prediction of forecasting future business outcomes. For example, the compliance with standards requires that the company present the historical sales amount s for the past two years. If the sales for 2010 is $ 250,000 and sales for 2011 is $295,000. Any keen financial statement analyst or reader can easily forecast next year’s forecasted sales will exceed $300,000, all other factors being equal (Wiley 14). Further, relevant and valid financial information (balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash flows) must be relevant to the needs of the financial statement users. To relevant, the financial statements must comply with the predictive value tenets of the International Financial Reporting St andards. Consequently, the financial statement users can increase the reliability of the decision makers (Epstein 13). The International Financial Reporting Standards required that the financial statement should be prepared to enhance the decision making process (Jermkowcz 29). For example, International Financial Reporting Standards require the entities to report long term loans under the liabilities section of the financial reports. ... Compliance will make the forecasting activity more realistic (Porter799). In terms of forecasting value of the International Financial Reporting Standards, the financial reports should be prepared using the fair market value in recording sales or other related amounts. For example, the buyer agrees to the seller’s ?2,000 selling price pegged for one factory production equipment. Consequently, the factory production equipment is recorded in the company’s assets portion of the company’s balance sheet at ?2,000. The amount represents the customer’s fair market value of the purchased equipment. Specifically, the fair value portion of the International Financial Reporting Standards can be found in IFRS no. 2, IFRS no. 3, IFRS no 7, International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) no 16, IAS no. 39, IAS no. 40, as well as IAS no 41 (Walton 13). During the preparation of financial statements, there are many situations when International Financial Reporting Standar ds insists on focusing on ensuring the predictive or forecasting goals. For example, the standards describe the company’s financial assets as any resource that is controlled by the entity as a consequence of the entities’ prior transactions. Such asset items must have future economic benefits flowing into the business equation. Consequently, the standards require the companies to raise or lower their asset values, depending on external factors (Shamrock 8). (b) Creative accounting (causes, techniques, & effects) Cosmetic accounting causes trigger some impacts. The company’s desire to seek the bank’s approval of their long term loan applications prods the company to increase its revenues. Normally, banks base their loan approvals on

Pop-Culture Media Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pop-Culture Media Critique - Essay Example make use of women as a way to attract gamers, toy and action heroes clones production that ultimately provides messages to girls from the young age that they have to dress up in the so-called Barbie manner etc. Director of the documentary has used footages of news bulletin where the subject of plastic surgery was most important and not the increasing inflation rate (Newsom, 2011). The patriarchy involved against the women has been well indicated in the film where young girls talk about intellect that is more associated with men instead of women. The documentary beholds the message that it is the era of capitalism that has highlighted and focused on the beauty and physical appearance of the girls rather than their achievements and skills. The political intervention is not the only concept on which the director has stressed in the documentary. Overall, it has successfully achieved it methods by using effective points such as talking about the plastic surgery (Newsom, 2011). The writer and director of the documentary, unlike other feminist documentaries, bestow the power of change among women instead of the circumstances and men. The documentary claims that the self-transformation method of change can bring results and it is only in the hands of women (Newsom,

European influence in Africa Essay Example for Free

European influence in Africa Essay The presence of Europeans in African countries had a great influence on the cultural benefits, traditions and norms of Africans. African societies were composed of small ethnic groups bound by deep cultural and traditional benefits. Slave trade in North Africa disintegrated these cultural systems. The entry of Europeans in North Africa led to breaking of those small indigenous units into modular states that could be easily controlled by the colonial rule. They abolished the indigenous legal systems and imposed new legal systems based on European concepts of law. North Africa was integrated into the world capitalist system, where its main function was to provide raw materials and new markets for Western industrial revolution. This led to imposition of taxation forcing Africans into cheap wage labor. Land grabbing and alienation in settler colonies made it impossible for the economy of the colonized countries to grow. This is because the colonial administrations only developed areas they saw fit for their benefit and it led to growth of colonial cities such as Dakar, Lagos and Nairobi. Westernization in North Africa led to the rise of Christianity and reduced the number of Muslims in sub Sahara, which contributed to the destabilization of Africa traditions and cultural benefits. Christianity promoted the assimilation of new ideas and new lifestyles such as monogamy and nuclear family. African societies believed in polygamy and extended families. This is being practiced even to day. Christian missionaries introduced Western education, which involved mastery of European language and literacy. The adoption of new habits and tastes coupled with Christianity and western education, led to the development of a new elite that included teachers, clerks, lawyers and doctors. Slave trade degraded the value of African people because they were used against their will to benefit the European economy. This impacted negatively on African leaders because some still practice slave trade today. Europeans brought about, modernization in Africa in terms of Western education, Christianity and Western lifestyles. European influence in Asia (1650-1815). South East Asia comprised of societies that varied in different aspects. Main societies in south East Asia included China, Thailand and Cambodia, therefore European influence on South East Asia varied extensively depending on indigenous states. Societies in South East Asia had very distinct traditional beliefs and rulers who reigned with a conviction of permanency and stability. Europeans created new economic relationships in South East Asia by establishing new industries like rubber production and improvement of traditional ones such as rice and sugar industries. They were improved and expanded to meet the European needs. Communities in Cambodia protested against economical changes when agribusiness in form of plantation farming was introduced. Europeans aimed to make the traditional cultures modern. This was received positively by some south East Asians who had been trained in Western schools. They believed that Western culture would have positive effects on their cultural and economical backgrounds. The elites adopted the European language and mode of dressing. Adoption of the Western culture led to political, economical and social growth in Asia. However, it was difficult to assimilate the European culture and lifestyles in Asia because of the diversity of Asian cultural customs and traditions. Asia is composed of Muslim, Christianity and Buddhism and therefore impacting Christianity in Asia was difficult. These traditional settings emphasized on unifying of social, economic, political and social spheres, though it is impractical to unify all the spheres. The influence of Europeans in Asia was highly varied and uneven throughout the region. They used superior military technology to achieve conquest and monopoly. The Portuguese invasion of Malacca led to the decline of the trade systems as they tried to dominate the spice trade. The European therefore, caused the detachment of producers form their traditional markets. As a result the powerful trading cultures in southeastern Asia collapsed due to colonial influence. European influence was limited to the coastal ports and the adjoining regions. Peasant life in Asia was not affected by the European influence as they remained inside the confines of their village. (Alagappa 130-138). European influence in Middle East (1825-1941). Middle east societies combined religion with governance of their states. European powers overwhelmed the region and tried to separate governance from religion. They replaced the indigenous educational, social and political systems through modernization. The Kuranic schools were replaced by the Western education. Middle east is an Islamic region that viewed European powers as enemies for creating Christianity in the Muslim dominated region. This created a sense of distrust of the Europeans by the Arabs. Europeans faced great resistance form the Arabs who used national movements to adopt anti-western speeches in order to gain favor from their people.. European powers in the Middle East replaced the Muslim leaders by non-Muslim leaders to create artificial political territories since they did not arise from the societies. They created states that had conflicting ethnicities and divided other ethnic groups into two or three portions. For instance they divided the Kurds into Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Syria. (Kaelble 120-127). Dividing ethnic communities stirred political rivalry and violence in the Middle East. It also created instability among the Arabs, preventing political, social and economical development. The Arabs formulated revenge missions to the Europeans and resisted any form of invasion whether political, economical, educational or social.

Soccer :: Research Papers Essays

Soccer Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 History of the Activity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Nature of the Activity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Playing Area†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Physical Conditioning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Practice Drills†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....7 Introduction Soccer is the worlds most popular sport. It is the national sport of most European and Latin-American countries, and of many other nations. Millions of people in more than 140 countries play soccer. The World Cup is held every four years. Soccer is one of the most famous international sports. Soccer is known world wide and is played in the Olympics. In a soccer game there are two teams of 11 players who try to score a point by kicking a ball into the opponents net. Soccer is played on a rectangular field with a net on each short side of the field. All players must hit the ball with their feet or body and only the goalie is allowed to touch the ball with his/her hands. There are many things you can do to condition yourself to play. Soccer the way we play it came from England in the 1800’s. Soccer was not that popular until the mid-1900’s. Today soccer is very popular and it is one of the nations fastest-growing sports. There are many exercises and drills you can do to improve how you play soccer. There is also many physical conditioning that players can do. Soccer can help you stay fit and healthy. Many people can play soccer and benefit from it. Soccer is very fun and a great recreational sport. History of the Activity Games similar to soccer were played in China as early as 400 BC. In about 200 AD the Romans played a game in which two teams tried to score by advancing a ball across a line on the field. The Romans passed the ball to one another but they never kicked it. London children in about 1100 played a form of soccer in the streets. During the 1800’s the people of England played a game similar to soccer. Many rules changed and each person interpreted the rules differently. In 1848 a group of school representatives met at Trinity College in Cambridge and drew up the first of soccer rules. In 1863 English soccer clubs founded the Football Association. By the late 1800’s soccer began to spread to the rest of the world. The Canadian Soccer Association was established in 1912 while the United States Soccer Federation was set up in 1913.

The Growth of Online Shopping

THE GROWTH OF ONLINE SHOPPING MENTORED BY- MR SUHAIL ANWAR NIFT, NEW DELHI CREDITS- VAISHALI RAI SEMESTER III BACHELOR OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY NIFT, NEW DELHI 2011-2015 DATE- 21 AUGUST, 2012 CERTIFICATE â€Å"This is to certify that this Report titled â€Å"THE GROWTH OF ONLINE SHOPPING† is based on my, original research work, conducted under the guidance of Mr. Suhail Anwar towards partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of the Bachelor Programme – Technology, of the National Institute of Fashion Technology, New Delhi Center. †Signature of Researcher Vaishali Rai BFT-III NIFT, New Delhi Signature of Mentor Mr. Suhail Anwar NIFT, New Delhi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Any accomplishment requires the effort of many people and there are no exceptions. The report being submitted today is a result of collective effort. Although the report has been solely prepared by me with the purpose of fulfilling the requirements of the course of BF-Tech (Bachelor of Fashion Technology ), there are many helping hands behind it who have guided me on my way. My sincere gratitude goes to Mr.Suhail Anwar, my mentor for the project, for providing me with his valuable knowledge and guidelines so as to bring out this report in a proper manner. I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents for their kind co-operation and encouragement which helped me in completion of this report. Lastly, I would like to say that this report has been prepared by me and any mistake/error in the report is solely my responsibility. Vaishali Rai BFT-III NIFT, New Delhi CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. CURRENT ONLINE SHOPPING SCENARIO . EXISTING TRENDS IN ONLINE SHOPPING- GLOBAL AND INDIA 4. WHAT THE FURURE HAS IN STORE 5. REFRENCES INTRODUCTION When it comes to today’s Gen Z, apparently the internet generation (and the most lazy gen of all), almost everything right from food to things in our bedroom is somewhere or the other the result of the tech savvy and internet friendly behavi or of ours. A click and we have the dominoes pizza sizzling hot on our doorstep, a click and we have the latest gadget in our hands†¦ what else do we need?Dad’s credit card of course but that is not a problem at all. It’s like a new trend has started, the â€Å"CLICK has gone WILD† and online shopping†¦ wilder!!! A report by Forrester, a leading research agency indicates that online shopping has recently seen an upsurge in its realm owing to easy access to Internet, the global IT boom which has facilitated an exemplary growth of all IT – related infrastructure, and the ridiculously busy schedules which leave us too drained to take the trouble of driving to a store to buy what we need.While it’s still nice to stop by a store to touch and see products, the convenience of online shopping can’t be beat. To be precise there are quite a few reasons behind this upsurge, which are mentioned below- * The e-tailing sites have been pumped wit h cash for expansion, and there’s now a frantic race afoot to try and scale up as quickly as possible. * The reasons for this surprising consumerism are also attributed to several socio-economic reasons including high disposable incomes and greater focus on status and reflection of the private label of all consumer goods. Increase in number of people using internet and their growing belief in it due to consumer friendly security gateways etc. * The modern infrastructure and the ease of technology offered is also one of the biggest reasons for the growth of this trend. Of course, India, home to people who are huge fans of sales, discounts, etc has the gaining popularity of the coupon sites sharing the task of popularizing the growth of online shopping trend in the country. CURRENT ONLINE SHOPPING SCENARIO- MARKET AND THE CONSUMERSThe biggest hindrances to online shopping in the past were the high incidence of identity theft, lack of consumer-friendly site interface, and the do t-com bust. But despite these drawbacks, with the help of computer programmers' improved software and increased security, investors and businesses rebuilt and redefined online marketing. Today, online stores are in the millions, with shops catering to both businesses and direct consumers. * Currently Europe is the largest market for online shoppers in the world. And when it comes to nations, US and UK top the charts. Wherein when it’s the fastest growing regions of online shopping, the APAC region is gaining high popularity, both in terms of market and the consumers. Recently, it was reported that Asians, particularly Indians and Chinese, are changing their way of shopping and are going online. There are more ‘High Net Worth' consumers within China than the whole of Europe put together. Japan leads the global mobile shopping sector due to the existing infrastructure for fast and innovative delivery of technology customized for personal consumption.When the rest of the w orld showed consumers cutting back on spending, some of the countries of the APAC region, such as India, China and Vietnam, showed a surprising rise in sales values to the tune of 15 percent in comparison to the rest of the world. India alone saw the growth of 18 percent in its online shopping sector. EXISTING TRENDS IN ONLINE SHOPPING- GLOBAL AND INDIA In the global markets, the move is towards online portals, while in the Asia- Pacific regions, especially India, there is an equal mix of traditional or wet markets for fresh produce, followed by the online format for lifestyle products, clothing and electronic goods.Trends in Global Online Shopping: * 92 percent of Consumers use websites to compare prices * 76 percent of Consumers use websites to access and print coupons * 75 percent of Consumers purchase at least 1 products or services per month via the Internet * 26 percent of Consumers spend at least $500 per month buying goods/services via the Internet Trends in Indian Online Sh opping: * In the next one year, at least eight out of ten Indian consumers will make online purchases At present, a little more than a quarter users reveal that they spend 11% of their monthly shopping expenditure on procurements online. * 71 percent Indians trust recommendations from family when making an online purchase decision. Recommendations from friends stand at 64 percent and online product reviews at 29 percent. * Almost 50% Indian consumers’ use and trust social media sites to help them make online purchase decisions * In the next 6 months or so, most buyers will purchase books (41%), airline tickets (40%), and electronic equipment such as TV, Cameras (36%) online. The trend observed is that while shopping, most buyers ideally shop from websites that allow them to select products from many different stores. WHAT THE FUTURE HAS IN STORE Global business-to-consumer e-commerce sales will pass the 1 trillion euro ($1. 25 trillion) mark by 2013, and the total number of I nternet users will increase to approximately 3. 5 billion from around 2. 2 billion at the end of 2011, according to a new report by the Interactive Media in Retail Group (IMRG), a U. K. online retail trade organization.The study estimates that business-to-consumer e-commerce sales in 2011 increased to 690 billion Euros ($961 billion), an increase of close to 20% from a year earlier. IMRG estimates that growth rates in countries like US and UK (currently the market giants) will be approximately 10-15% a year. But with China’s e-commerce sales growing more than 130% in 2011, it is only a matter of time before the Asian giant becomes the single largest market in the world. IMRG, is forecasting that France, Italy, Spain, Russia, Turkey and Poland will be the fastest-growing markets in Europe.It also anticipates substantial growth in Latin America, led by Brazil and Mexico, and the Middle East, led by Israel and the UAE. Online retail in India is on fire and will be on it in the n ear future. India to be the fastest growing E-Commerce Market in Asia-Pacific region and its online market is set to grow to $8. 8 Billion by 2016. According to the latest research by Forrester, a leading global research and advisory firm, the e-commerce market in India is set to grow the fastest within theAsia-Pacific Region at a CAGR of over 57% between the years 2012-16. As per the report, while compound annual growth rates in the mature e-commerce markets of Japan, South Korea, and Australia will run 11% to 12% over the next five years, in the rapidly growing markets of China and India, these growth rates will be 25% and 57%, respectively. This report brings out the fact there has been a stable rise in the sector of online shopping and this rise will continue to take place in the future also.The trend of online shopping is here to stay. REFRENCES – http://www. businessreviewindia. in/marketing/web/online-shopping-trends-in-india (Visited on 12 August, 2012) http://www. bi gcommercereviewsite. com/online-shopping-statistics-is-your-offline-business-suffering/ (Visited on 12 August, 2012) http://EzineArticles. com (Visited on 17 August, 2012) http://www. asiaonlinemarketing. com/online-potential-in-asia-pacific/ (Visited on 17 August, 2012) http://www. retailresearch. org/onlineretailing. php (Visited on 16 August, 2012)

Ch 9 Business Law - 1572 Words

Chapter 9 Formation of Traditional and E-Contracts TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. Contract law does not distinguish between promises that create only moral obligations and promises that are legally binding. False. 2. In contract law, intent is determined by the personal or subjective intent, or belief, of a party. False, intent is determined by the objective theory of contracts 3. A bilateral contract comes into existence at the moment promises are exchanged. True, â€Å"promise for a promise† 4. If a voidable contract is avoided, the promisee, but not the promisor, is released from it. False, both parties are released from it 5. A request or invitation to negotiate is an offer. False, an offer is a promise to do or refrain from doing something†¦show more content†¦c. a unilateral contract. d. no contract. 5. Signe offers to sell Thomas her textbook but conditions the sale on Thomas ac ­cepting the offer by March 1. Signe may revoke the offer a. before Thomas accepts the offer. b. before March 1, whether or not Thomas has accepted the offer. c. only after Thomas accepts the offer. d. only after March 1. 6. Mark is creating Nu2U.com, a Web site through which he will enter into contracts over the Internet. Important terms to include in his offers include a. provisions specifying the remedies if the contract is breached. b. a detailed history of his business. c. glowing reviews from former customers. d. his educational background. 7. Deb buys a song through eSongs, an online music vendor. Before completing the purchase and downloading the song, Deb must review a provision stating that she will not make and sell copies of the song and is required to click â€Å"I agree.† This provision is a. a browse-wrap term. b. a click-on agreement. c. a shrink-wrap agreement. d. none of the choices. 8. On behalf of Bobble Head Manufacturing Company, Carmela types her name at the bottom of an e-mail purchase order and submits the order to Designer Parts Company. Under the UETA, Carmela’s typed name qualifies as a. a â€Å"signature.† b. a statement of future intent. c. an assignment. d. a preliminary negotiation. 9. Chicken Egg Farms promises to pay Dex $500 to install a sump pump in its warehouse. Dex com ­pletes theShow MoreRelatedMontesquieus Greatest Mark on Philosophy Essay1522 Words   |  7 Pagesthinkers of the French Enlightenment, the baron de Montesquieu stands out as an especially impassioned advocate for moderation. Montesquieu, of course, left his greatest mark on the philosophy of the governance through his great work The Spirit of the Laws. Though certainly his earlier work The Persian Letters sowed the seeds of many of the ideas featured in his chef d’œuvre. In particular, Montesquieu spends some time in both works examining the universe of possible governments. 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How has the Game of Baseball Been Affected by the Increase in Technology Over the Past Decades - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 957 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/04/02 Category Sports Essay Level High school Tags: Baseball Essay Did you like this example? Abstract Industrial Engineers need to be a part of major league baseball team planning. The ability to utilize this discipline is important to the game of baseball. Industrial Engineering has integrated into the game with the increase of technology by using newer tech like high speed cameras and computer algorithms to analyzes players mechanics to both improve and evaluate their skills. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How has the Game of Baseball Been Affected by the Increase in Technology Over the Past Decades" essay for you Create order Baseball has received many contributions from industrial engineering including, box scores, video study, pitch counts, on base percentage. It is important for the business of baseball to continue to look to industrial engineering techniques to improve the game. Can Industrial Engineering really be that important to baseball? This displicine has provided more contributions to the current game of baseball than most realize. There have been people who have looked to understanding of analytics and advanced concepts to play the game more efficiently since the late 1800s. These men were however limited in the concepts they could explore due to the lack of technological advancements. In the last few decades technology caught up with what these men had envisioned for the game, and these concepts have become increasingly more important in the game today. The business of professional baseball should continue to look to industrial engineering techniques to improve the game. Literature Review Because of the importance of statistics and mathematical analysis of baseball, it is more important than ever to continue to create a more concise relationship between industrial engineering techniques and the game of baseball. The four areas of industrial engineering, which are operations research, ergonomics, manufacturing, and management, all align well to areas of the game of baseball. Operations research includes mathematical tools like statistical analysis, linear programming, and simulation modeling (1). Baseball has been slow to catch up to this concept in recent years, but in the late 1800s, that was not the case. Scientific baseball, which is synonymous with the term small ball, was used actively as far back as the 1870s. (3) The charting of different statistics known as the box score were first used in 1858 by a British writer named Henry Chadwick (4). Using Platooning, which is setting up specific baseball players against each other for a specific advantage (using left ha nded pitchers against right handed batters and vice versa) was used as a strategy in the 1870s by Cap ansons Chicago White Stockings (3). These amazing analysis were dropped in the early to mid 1900s because there were huge home run hitters that created excitement in the game. Small ball and platooning were considered poor management techniques during this time (3). However, in the 1970s, The Society for American Baseball Research, SABR, was born. Todays term Sabermetrics is a direct result from the term SABR and adding the measurement metrics to it. SABR began using the new computing technology to gather and interpret large amounts of statistical baseball information. Baseball is a numbers game easily shown by the analysis around the number of pitches, hits, outs, and scores (4). The game itself encourages the use of numerical analysis. If you listen to sportscast or read any sports article today, you would be hard pressed to not find the term sabermetrics used. Ergonomics, also known as human engineering, is the second aspect of industrial engineering that is used in baseball. The study of human factors engineering analyzes work primarily from three perspectives: anthropometric, the study of the dimensions of the human body; physiological, the study of the demands of physical exertion on the human body; and psychological, the study of the mental affects of work on the body (Puerzer 2002, 5). The idea behind human engineering in baseball is to make things safer. Branch Rickey, in 1952, began using special plastics helmets for the fielders and batters. Baseball phycologists have been incorporated as early as 1970 in baseball academies (6). Frank Gilbreth was the first to begin filming motions in slow motion, so they could studied and baseball as made studying film a huge part of the game (2). Pitch counts have reduced dramatically since the 1960s because people are beginning to understand the harm to pitchers. Also, the increase of relief pi tchers has emerged from the reduction of starting pitchers usage (7). Manufacturing and management has changed through the years as the game has changed. Manufacturing efficiency techniques have been brought to the game through equipment and technology. Specialized equipment encourages an upward level of play. Baseball Management has definitely changed. Specialized corporate management has become the norm as teams have added pitching, batting, bench, and hitting coaches to a team. Joe Torres was extremely successful in the 1990s with the Yankee organization and relied heavily on other coaches in his organization like Don Zimmer to discuss what was needed for each game (7 and 8). Baseball seems to have been slow to rejuvenate the statistical analysis of the game. The concepts of industrial engineering is very important to the game and I believe the organizations should have a Chief of Statistical Analysis, which is as important as any other C level in a corporation. It is good to see that some of the more successful managers have backgrounds in something other than sports. For instance, Tony LaRussa has a bachelor degree in industrial engineering. He has been very successful as a baseball coach for the Cardinal organization. Joe Girardi, who recently managed the Yankees also holds a bachelors degree in industrial engineering (8). Because of the importance of statistics and mathematical analysis of baseball, it is more important than ever to value the intricate relationship between concepts of industrial engineering and baseball. The industrial engineering concepts of operations research, ergonomics, manufacturing, and management have reshaped the game of baseball through a variety of ways. We are fortunate that the baseball business is supporting the concepts and as a result, baseball is a better game.